Digital technologies in English language teaching: A systematic review of empirical studies (2005–2024)

Abstract

The rapid advancement of digital technologies has significantly reshaped English Language Teaching (ELT), influencing pedagogical practices, learning environments, and learner outcomes across diverse educational contexts. This study presents a systematic review of empirical research on the integration of digital technologies in ELT, with the aim of synthesizing key trends, instructional applications, and reported effects on teaching and learning. Following established systematic review protocols, peer-reviewed empirical studies published in reputable international journals were identified, screened, and analyzed using clearly defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The reviewed studies encompass a wide range of digital tools, including learning management systems, mobile-assisted language learning applications, virtual and augmented reality, artificial intelligence–driven platforms, and social media–based learning environments. The findings indicate that digital technologies generally contribute positively to English language learners’ linguistic skills, particularly vocabulary acquisition, writing proficiency, listening comprehension, and learner engagement. In addition, technology-enhanced ELT environments are associated with increased learner autonomy, collaboration, and motivation. However, the review also reveals persistent challenges, such as unequal access to digital resources, limited teacher digital competence, insufficient pedagogical integration, and methodological limitations in existing studies. Overall, this review highlights the transformative potential of digital technologies in ELT while emphasizing the need for more rigorous, longitudinal, and context-sensitive empirical research. The study concludes by outlining implications for educators, curriculum designers, and researchers, and by identifying future research directions to support sustainable and effective technology-enhanced English language education.